Illegal immigration is travelling to or staying in a country without the approriate documents, entering at an inappropriate place or by an inappropriate method. Usually illegal immigrants try to enter a wealthier country, with a better quality of life, leaving a poorer country behind. There are three main factors which provoke illegal immigration: economic factors, criminal evasion or socio-political environment – effectively anything that can provide enough pressure such that a person is willing to break the law.

In the imagination of many, the mind of an illegal immigrant may seem to be very devious and cunning – while this is not universally true, it is an understandable perception given the tactics that many such desperate people employ. Immigrants have devised more than 30 ways to cross borders illegally. While some try to use more traditional methods, such as presenting falsified documents at the border or crossing border on foot in the middle of a desert, others act like a true inventors. Some immigrants hide themselves inside car seats, some vault over a border fence with a pole, some even try to hide in a suitcase at the airport. According to statistics, chances for the success are very small, because countries, which are primary targets for illegal imigrants, usually conduct serious border control procedures, including constant border patrols and fence building, but these individuals are often desperate, so if there is a way through – they will find it.

Another type of illegal immigration, which does not involve illegal border crossing, is overstaying an otherwise valid visa. In this case immigrants arrive in the host country on a legal basis, but they stay after their visa expires or perform work or other activities that might not be permitted by their visa. This method of illegal immigration requires a lot of effort, since you are forced to evade authorities who might discover your true immigration status. This means you can be scared to involve yourself in any kinds of legal action or participate in any form of legal agreement, this can limit your ability to do such simple things as bank payments, use of credit cards, legal, taxed employment etc. As a result, this approach can be very tiring and mentally exhausting. The legal consequences illegal immigrants who get caught vary from country to country. Usually the measures vary from deportation to jail terms.

Statistics provided by the International Organization for Migration, show that almost 15% of the world's total 214 million immigrants are illegal. For the last few decades the USA has experienced one of the largest influxes of illegal immigrants in human history. The biggest problem being the US–Mexico border, which is used by many thousands of illegal immigrants each year, this in spite of all the measures taken by the US government. Currently, the number of illegal immigrants, residing in the USA, is estimated to be around 15 million people. The largest amount of illegal immigrants reside in the state of California – 2,930,000 people, which is 25% of total population of California. Technically, it means, that each fourth person you see in the street there – is an illegal immigrant! According to the data provided by the Center for Immigration Studies, 56% of illegal immigrants are from Mexico, 22% from other Latin American countries, 13% from Asia, 6% from Europe and Canada, and 3% from Africa.

The European Union suffers from illegal immigration as well. According to data provided by the BBC, 80% of illegal immigrants pass through Grece – many of them through the border with Turkey. Lack of cooperation between Greek police, coast guard and the Turkish army (which is responsible for border control) makes this situation even worse. The majority of the rest of the illegal immigrants to the EU sneak in through the United Kingdom, entering using valid visas, but then overstaying those visas and disappearing into the general population. Currently in the UK, it is estimated. resides between 550,000 and 950,000 illegal immigrants from Africa and Asia.

It is worth mentioning, that because of illegal immigration - legal immigrants are also made to suffer. The Constant flow of illegal immigrants and an inability to properly control it, leaves the host country no other choice, but to take measures to make its immigration policy stricter which in turm makes things harder on legal immigrants as well.

Historical Perspective
From a historical perspective, modern immigration started in the 18th century, accelerated by the slave trade and industrialization. At this time three main types of immigration began to appear: labour migration, refugee migration and urbanization. Because the USA gained independence in the year 1776, while in Europe imperialism was still dominant, at the beginning of 19th century many people immigrated to the USA, which was considered the land of opportunity.

The begining of the 20th century with the fall of the large colonial empires and World War I had it's impact too, as people were immigrating from Europe, driven by the fear of war and violence. The aftermath of World War I was the fall of colonialism and establishment of the League of Nations. At this point, an influx of immigrants from the former-colonies started, which resulted in a large amount of immigrants from the newly independent countries of Africa the former colonies of France, Great Britain, Spain, and the Netherlands.

The League of Nations failed to prevent World War II. The birth of national-socialism in central Europe in 1930s played crucial role in immigration, as many jews started migrating from Europe before the outbreak of World War II. After World War II the United Nations organization was established, which is a sentinel of peace in all the world since then. The roots of the European Union also date back to the late 1940s, when the Paris Treaty was signed.

Since then – the principle of freedom of movement have developped quickly. The newly established Schengen area in Europe allowed the citizens of its member states to move free without any border controls. The United Nations and many countries ratified treaties on freedom of movement and provision of asylum for refugees. However, for the last three decades governments have become very concerned with the problems of terrorism, people trafficing and the drug trade. Therefore, many countries had to reduce the simplicity in their immigration policies in order to improve their homeland security.

According to the World Bank Group, Latvia is among the top 25 countries where it is easiest to do business. Latvia's performance in starting a business is similar to that of the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden, all highly respected jurisdictions with developed economic and business environments.

Procedure for setting up a business
On average, opening a company in Latvia requires 4 procedures. Here, the word "procedure" refers to an interaction with a relevant government agency or other institution, be it a business register or a bank to open a corporate bank account in Latvia. Although the exact number of procedures may change depending on the circumstances, in general these are:

Preparation and certification of all necessary documents
Opening a Latvian corporate bank account
Company registration and registration for taxes
Registration of employees for state social security
It is worth noting that some of these procedures, e.g. Registration for state social security, can be completed online. However, the Latvian company registration procedure is not a so-called “one-stop shop”. This means that opening a company in Latvia requires interaction with several different institutions and it is not possible to register everything in one place.

Time required to start a business
How long it takes to incorporate a company in Latvia depends on which country you open the company in. Opening a Latvian company from Latvia takes about 6 business days on average. If you are incorporating a company from other European countries or Central Asia countries, it may take up to 10 business days. For countries classified by the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) as high-income countries - around 8 business days.

The longest procedure is usually company registration and registration for taxes, it takes about 60% of the total time required to set up a company in Latvia. The preparation of the documents and the opening of a bank account each take about 20% of the total time. Enrolling workers for National Social Security is an online process, so the time required is negligible as enrollment is done on-site.

Company density
While store density does not directly affect store opening procedures, it is a reliable indicator of the process. The more companies there are in the country, the easier it is to start a business, although this does not necessarily mean that a small number of companies means more difficult procedures. As of 2016, there are about 14,000 new companies that have only recently registered. This roughly corresponds to a number of newly founded companies in Estonia or Denmark. However, measured by the number of businesses per 1000 working-age inhabitants, Latvia is one of the most active countries in Europe. Currently (2016) there are about 10.6 businesses per 1000 working-age population, which is more than in Germany, France, Italy and many other European countries, only after the UK.

The labor force of Latvia is 1,271,040 people, about 64% of the total population. This includes anyone between the ages of 15 and 64. Of these, 61%, i.e. 775,334 people, are employed. Total unemployment in Latvia is 9.5%.

Education and skills
Primary education is a general requirement (both social and professional) for the Latvian workforce, which is why the primary education rate is 98%. The Latvian primary education system consists of 4 grades of primary education, 5 years of lower/incomplete primary education and 3 grades of either primary education or vocational/technical education. About 40% choose to enroll in a vocational/technical institution and receive basic vocational/technical education. The other 60% opt for a normal primary education. Vocational/specialized primary education is available in cities with a developed specialized industry, e.g. Railway industry jobs in Daugavpils, a major railway junction between the EU and Russia.

Higher education is not a general requirement for the Latvian workforce, but is required to engage in specialized, skill-based and academic jobs. Higher education is achieved by 21% of Latvians. It is offered by 58 universities and vocational training institutions. Of the total working-age population, 40% have a high level of technical or academic skills, while 87% have intermediate qualifications.

Wages
The minimum wage in Latvia is EUR 370/month before taxes (gross salary). According to various estimates, the average gross salary is around EUR 800/month. The Latvian Central Statistical Office estimates the average gross salary at EUR 818/month. Statistics show that starting in 2012, average wages in Latvia will increase by about 3-7% every year.

Net salary generally accounts for about 55% of gross salary. That is, 45% of gross wages are paid by the employer as taxes, and the employee receives 55% of their wages “on paper”. This also means that a minimum wage of EUR 370 costs the employer EUR 457.64 and earns the employee EUR 272.24. However, these calculations do not take into account variables such as tax credits for dependents in the worker's family. For each family member supported, the assessment basis is reduced by EUR 175 (2016), e.g. The minimum wage of EUR 370 now generates EUR 312.49 for the worker who has 1 dependent, EUR 331.15 for 2 dependents, etc. To learn more about how wage taxes work in Latvia, please read this article on the Corporate Taxation in Latvia.

Working time
Latvian legislation provides for different types of working hours: normal working time, reduced normal working time, part-time work, shift work, night work and combined working time. A reduced working time is the one that is shorter than the standard working week. Day and night shifts and the summarized work schedule can be applied when the work process cannot be stopped or the rule schedule cannot be enforced. In any case, the working time must be mentioned in the employment contract and the working time should be calculated and documented by the employer.

Normal working hours in Latvia are 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week. The usual working week is Monday to Friday, but this is not mandatory as some companies, such as B. Shops are also open on Saturdays and Sundays. The total working hours cannot exceed 160 in 4 weeks - this allows for shifts of over 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week while ensuring that employees are not overworked.

Overtime
Overtime is permitted under Latvian law, but must comply with the following principles. First of all, this must be agreed in writing between the employee and the employer. The agreement should include the amount of overtime and remuneration. According to the Labor Code, the number of overtime hours cannot exceed 144 hours in 4 months. In addition, Section 68 of the law stipulates that the employer must pay at least 100% of the regular hourly, weekly or piecework wage for overtime.

It should be noted that if an employee works more than contractually agreed but on a reduced schedule, such additional work does not count as overtime work. Nevertheless, in this case, the employee is entitled to claim compensation for more work, but the amount of compensation is not regulated by law.